Distinct subtypes of inhibitory interneuron are known to shape diverse rhythmic activities in the cortex, but how they interact to orchestrate specific band activity remains largely unknown. In this study, we conducted in vivo recording and manipulating interneuronal spiking activity in the visual cortex of behaving mice and have revealed an explicit neuronal circuitry mechanism by which somatostatin (SOM)- and parvalbumin (PV)-expressing inhibitory interneurons exert differential and cooperative roles in driving cortical beta and gamma oscillations. Our paper was featured in the December issue of Neuron.