Our study, collaborated with Dr. Le-ping Cheng's group at ION, CAS, showed that expression of single transcriptor factor Ascl1 alone is sufficient to convert astrocytes directly into functional neurons in the intact mouse brain. The transdifferentiated neurons functionally mature progressively and form afferent and efferent functional synapses with existing neighboring neurons in the striatum and neocortex circuits in both the postnatal and adult mouse brain. Thus, our work offers a potential therapeutic approach with single TF induced glia reprogramming for neural regeneration.